SIMPLE PRESENT
·
The simple
present is one of the verb forms associated with the present
tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense,
although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition
to present time. It is called "simple" because its basic form
consists of a single word (like write or writes), in contrast with
other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing)
and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the
simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary form) of the verb,
except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the
ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms,
the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present
forms am, is and are.
|
Positive
(+)
|
Subject
+ Main verb + Object
|
I read
a book
I eat
a noodle
I play
a playstasion
|
|
Subject
+ 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
|
He
gets up early in the morning
Mother
cooks rice
Father
reads a news paper
|
|
|
Negative
(-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb + Object
|
I do
not read a book
I do
not eat a noodle
I do
not play a playstasion
|
|
Subject
+ Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + Object
|
He
does not get up early in the morning
Mother
does not cook rice
Father
does not read anewspaper
|
|
|
Interrogative
(?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
|
Do I
read a book?
Do I eat
a noodle?
Do I play
playstasion?
|
|
Do/Does
+ Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object
|
Does
he get up early in the morning?
Does mother
cook rice?
Does father
read a newspaper?
|
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
·
The present
continuous, also called the present progressive, is one of the present
tenses used in modern English, the others being the simple present and
the emphatic present. All of these can be employed in both
the indicative and subjunctive moods.
|
Positive
(+)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object
|
I am
playing badminton
I am
sleeping on my bed
I am
eating friedrice
|
|
Subject
+ am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
They
are reading their lessons
We are
singing together
|
|
|
Negative
(-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object
|
I am
not playing badminton
I am not
sleeping on my bed
I am not
eating friedrice
|
|
Subject
+ am/is/are + (1st form of verb-ing) + Object
|
They
are not reading their lessons
We are
not singing together
|
|
|
Interrogative
(?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + not + Main verb-ing (Present participle) + Object
|
Am I
playing batminton?
Am I sleeping
on my bed?
Am I eating
friendrice?
|
|
Am/is/are
+ Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
Are
they reading their lessons?
Are we
singing together?
|
SIMPLE PAST
·
The simple
past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite, is the
basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used
principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some other
uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed; however there are
a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms.
|
Positive
(+)
|
Subject
+ Main verb (Past simple) + Object
|
I
killed a chicken
|
|
Subject
+ 2nd form of verb (Past simple) + Object
|
He ate
an egg
|
|
|
Negative
(-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (base form) + Object
|
I did
not kill a chicken
|
|
Subject
+ Did not + 1st form of verb or base form + Object
|
He did
not eat an egg
|
|
|
Interrogative
(?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + Main verb (base verb) + Object
|
Did I
kill a chicken?
|
|
Did +
Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
|
Did he
eat an egg?
|
PAST CONTINUOUS
·
The
past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which
began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In
other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the
past.
|
Positive
(+)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + Main verb (Present participle) + Object
|
She
was crying yesterday
|
|
Subject
+ was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
They
were climbing on a hill
|
|
|
Negative
(-)
|
Subject
+ Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (Present participle) + Object
|
She
was not crying yesterday
|
|
Subject
+ was/were + not + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
They
were not climbing on a hill
|
|
|
Interrogative
(?)
|
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + not + Main verb (Present participle) + Object
|
Was
she crying yesterday?
|
|
Was/were
+ Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb-ing) + Object
|
Were
they climbing on a hill?
|
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
·
Subject
verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must
agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must
be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The
tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and verbs.
Examples
1.
My dog always growls at
the postal carrier.
2.
Basketballs roll across
the floor.
3.
I don’t understand the
assignment.
4.
These clothes are too
small for me.
5.
Peter doesn’t like vegetables.
PRONOUN
·
A
pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or
noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is
this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that
nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object,
object of the preposition, and more. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep
on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not
to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. As mentioned,
pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for
certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to
talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your
speech or writing flow better.
Kind of Pronoun
·
Personal Pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the
personal pronoun that is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on
the gender and number of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.
For example, you are referring to a female subject in the sentence,
the pronouns that are appropriate to use are: she, her, and hers. If you are
referring to a male, you can use: he, him, and his. For a group of
persons, not including yourself, the appropriate pronouns are: they, them, and
theirs.
Personal pronouns can serve as the subjects, objects of the verb or preposition,
and can also show possession. They are formally classified into: subjective
personal pronouns, objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal
pronouns. Examples:
1.
You need
to stop lying to me.
2.
We would
love for you to join us.
3.
Come
look at my cat! He has climbed to the top of that tree.
·
Demonstrative Pronouns
The function of this kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this,
these, that, and those. The pronouns “this” and “these” points to things that
are nearby while the other two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity,
you must also consider the number of things you are pointing out. For singular
nouns, “this” and “that” should be used, while for plural nouns “these” and
“those” are appropriate. Examples:
1.
I
can’t believe this.
2.
This sounds
like Mary singing.
·
Indefinite Pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all,
another, each, anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone,
somebody, few, and many. Examples:
1.
All are
welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.
2.
Lizzie
gave that book to someone and never got it back.
3.
Anyone can
play the game as long as they follow the rules.
4.
Does anybody have
a clue where the dog went?
5.
Everyone knows
it is impolite to point at someone.
6.
No
one came forward to admit the crime, so the whole class was punished.
7.
Everyone had
a great time at the Christmas party.
8.
At
the Thanksgiving dinner, each brought a plated dish to make the meal
complete.
9.
Marie
told nobody the secrets that went on at her house.
10. Someone called to tell me
the horrible news.
·
Intensive Pronouns
The function of intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent.
Examples of this kind of pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself,
yourself, yourselves, themselves, and ourselves. Examples:
1.
Jesse
wondered aloud whether he himself was the only one seeing what was
happening.
2.
Maria
knew that she herself could make a positive impact on the world, if
only she put her mind to it.
3.
You yourself can
easily transform your body: All it takes is a proper diet and plenty of
exercise.
4.
The
team knew that they themselves were responsible for playing their
best.
5.
We ourselves are
the ones who make the greatest impact upon the world we live in.
·
Interrogative Pronouns
As the title implies, the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions.
Examples of interrogative pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever,
whatever, whichever, and whomever. Examples:
1.
What do
you want for your birthday?
2.
Which shirt
do you think looks better on me?
3.
Who do
you think will win the playoff game?
4.
To whom are
you speaking?
5.
Whose socks
are those?
·
Relative Pronouns
This kind of pronoun links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most
common relative pronouns are: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.
Examples:
1.
The
cyclist who won the race trained hard.
2.
The
pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.
3.
The
four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at
tomorrow’s meeting.
4.
Spaghetti, which we
eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s favorite meals.
5.
Where
did you buy the dress what you wore last week?
6.
The
book, when it was finally returned, was torn and stained.
7.
The
store on the corner, where we usually buy all of our art supplies,
burned to the ground.
·
Reflexive Pronouns
This kind of pronoun is used to refer back to the subject. Some of the
reflexive pronouns are: yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself,
themselves, and itself. Example:
1.
I
was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.
2.
You’re
going to have to drive yourself to school today.
3.
He
wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.
4.
Jennifer
does chores herself because she doesn’t trust others to do them
right.
5.
That
car is in a class all by itself.
6.
We
don’t have to go out; we can fix dinner ourselves.
7.
You
are too young to go out by yourselves.
8.
The
actors saved the local theatre money by making costumes themselves.
Sumber:
